Alternative Energy (NGV)

Salam.................

Here I would like to share with you about the Natural gas or (NGV).

Fuel Description
• Extracted from underground petroleum reservoirs, composed primarily of methane.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is compressed to 2,400-3,600 pounds per square inch in
specially designed and constructed cylinders.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is cooled to -260EF and stored in insulated cryogenic tanks.

Fuel Production
• Produced by extraction from underground reservoirs or in production of crude oil and oil refining.
• Natural gas is processed to remove water vapor, sulfur and heavy hydrocarbons, leaving mostly methane.
• Methane is formed from organic matter decomposed in the presence of heat or microorganisms. Also, processed from coal and oil.

Fuel Source
• Production is about 85% domestic when extracted from underground petroleum sources and oil refining pocesses

Engine Description
• Operates in internal combustion ignition engine with some vehicle modifications.
• Fuel is regulated to low pressure from high pressure vessels and injected into engine as a vapor.

Conversion kits are available.
• Dedicated or bi-fuel systems. Engine is optimized for one fuel on bi-fuel systems.

Vehicle Fueling
• “Slow” fill (as long as 8 hours) and “quick” fill (3 to 5 minutes) are available for CNG. LNG (stored at
260EF) fueling times are comparable with those for gasoline or diesel fuels.
• Pumping station equipment uses high pressure hoses and connectors (2,400-3,600psi).

Fuel Availability
• CNG fueling stations are located in most major cities and in many rural areas. Nearly 1,300 fueling stations are available across the country.
• Public LNG stations are limited. LNG is available through several suppliers of cryogenic liquids.

Marketplace Usage
• Estimates indicate there are more than 75,000 natural gas vehicles in the United States used mainly for fleets and more than 1 million worldwide.
• Auto manufacturers offer many types and styles of CNG vehicles.
• HDV manufacturers can install one of several available CNG or LNG engines in products they offer.
• Medium-duty and heavy-duty CNG vehicles operate in many applications including federal, state, and local government fleets; commercial fleets such as grocery stores; and package delivery fleets, such as

United Parcel Service.
• One of every five new transit buses in the United States is powered by natural gas. Many new school buses are natural gas-fueled.

Operational Performance
• Vehicle range for CNG and LNG depends on fuel storage capacity, but generally it is less than that of comparable gasoline or diesel vehicles.
• Power, acceleration, and cruising speeds are comparable with those of gasoline or diesel.
• Energy density of CNG is less, requiring more fuel for similar range as gasoline. Storage cylinder location and number may displace some payload capacity.

Maintenance Considerations
• High-pressure tanks require periodic inspection and certification.
• Some fleets report 2 to 3 years longer service life and extended time between required maintenance. However, manufacturers and conversion companies recommend conventional maintenance intervals.

Safety
• Pressurized tanks have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and automotive environmental exposure. Design changes have resolved problems responsible for earlier in service failures.
• It is important to fuel a natural gas-fueled vehicle in a well-ventilated area. Natural gas dissipates quickly in air when circulated.
• Natural gas is relatively non-reactive when it is not contained.